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Published:
Aug 3, 2022
Aug 3, 2022
Keywords:
Carnitine, Supplementation, Health.
Abstract
The objective of this review was to describe the effects and mechanisms of action of carnitine in both humans with special needs and susceptible
to carnitine deficiency, as in athletes and nonathletes. Considering that L-carnitine, as a quaternary amine, its main function is the generation of energy by the cell, acts as transfer reactions of free fatty acids, facilitating the oxidation and energy generation, and supplementation can improve
various conditions clinics, increase athletic performance and the quality and life expectancy.
How to Cite
Gómez-Campos, R. (2022). La carnitina como suplemento nutricional. Revista Educación Física Chile, (268). Retrieved from https://revistas.umce.cl/index.php/refc/article/view/2117
References
Ahamad, S. L-carnitine in Dialysis patients. Semindial; 14(3): 209-17, 2001.
Arenas, J.; Huertas, R.; Campos, Y.; Diaz, A.E.; Villalón, J.M.; Vilas, E. Effects of L-carnitine on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and carnitine almitoyl transferase activities in muscle of endurance athletes. FEBS Lett; 341:91-3, 1994.
Bacural, RFP.; Navarro, F.; Bassit, RA.; Meneguello, MA.; Santos, VT.; Almeida, ALR.; Rosa, LFBPC. Does exercise training interfere with the effects of L-carnitine supplementation. Nutrition;19:337-341, 2003.
Barnett C.; Costill DL.; Vukovich MD. et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on muscle and blood carnitine content and lactate accumulation uring high-intensity sprint cycling. Int J Sports Nutr;4:280–8, 1994.
Bellinghieri, G.; Savica, V.; Mallamace, A., Di Stefano, C.; Consolo, F.; Spagnoli, LG. et al. Correlation between increased serum and tissue L-carnitine levels and improved muscle symptoms in hemodialyzed patients. Am Jclin Nutr; 38(4):523-31, 1983.
Biesek, Simone, et al. Estratégias de nutrição e suplementação alimentar no esporte. São Paulo: Manole, 2005.
Borghi, Silva, A.; Costa, D.; Baldissera, V.; Cardello, L.; Demonte, A. Correlações entre os níveis de L-carnitina plasmática, o estado nutricional e a função ventilatoria de portadores de doença pulmonar obstructiva crônica. Ver. Nutr., Campinas, 18(3);349-356, 2005.
Brass, E.P.; Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Am J. Clin Nutr; 72(2 supple):618-23, 2000.
Brass, E.P; Hiatt, W.R. the role of carnitine supplementation during exercise in man and in individuals with special need. J. Am Coll Nutr; 17: 207-215, 1998.
Brass, EP.; Adler, S.; Sietsema, KE.; Hiatt, WR., Orlando AM.; Amato, A. Intravenous L-carnitine increases plasma carnitine, reduces fatigue and may reserve exercise capacity in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney dis; 37(5): 1018-28, 2001.
Brevetti, G.; Chiariello, M.; Ferulano, G.; Polocicchio, A.; Nevola, E.; Rossini, A., et al. Increases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular isease treated with Lcarnitine: a doublé blind, cross-over study. Circulation; 77(4)767—73, 1988.
Brouns, F. Van der Vusse, GJ. Utilization of lipids during exercise in human subjects: metabolic and dietary constraints. Br J Nutr; 79: 117-28, 1998.
Carter, A.L.; Abney, P.O.; Lapp, F.D. Byosintesis and metabolism of carnitine. J. Child. Neurol: 10:253-257, 1995.
Clanton, T.L. Hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species formation in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 102, 2379-2388, 2007.
Clarkson, P.M. Nutrition for improved sports performance. Sports med 1996; 21: 393-401.
Coelho, C.; Mota. J.; Bragança, E.; Burini, R. Aplicações clínicas da suplementação de Lcarnitina. Ver. Nutr., Campinas, 18(5):651-659, 2005.
Colombani, P.; Wenk, C.; Kunz, I. et al. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on physical performance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained thletes: a double-blind crossover field study. Eur J Appl Physiol;73:434–9, 1996.
Corral, MAR.; Vázquez, JMV.; Silva, CH.; Martin, AA.; Madaria, E.Z. Miopatía por déficit de carnitina: un caso de diagnóstico tardío. Anales de medicina Interna; 2001.
Champe, P.C,; Harvey, R.A. Fat acid and triacilglycerol metabolism. En: Biochemestry. 2nd rev. New jersey; Lippincott-Raven: 171-190, 1994.
Clarkson, P.M. Nutrition for improved sports perfomance. Sports med; 21:393-401, 1996.
Dantas, Estelio H.M. A pratica da preparação física. 5 ed, Rio de Janeiro: Shape, 2003.
Décombaz, J.E.; Reffet, B.; Bloemhard, Y. Effect of L-carnitine and stimulated lipolysis on muscle substrates in the exercising rat. Experientia 1990; 46:457-458, 1990.
Decombaz, J.; Deriaz, O.; Acheson, K.; Gmuender, B.; Jequier, E. Effect of L-carnitine on submaximal exercise metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogen. Med Sci Sports Exerc;25:733–40, 1993.
Delvin, M.T. Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlation, ed. John Wiley & sons –1997 – 4a edição.
Dragan, GI.; Vasiliu, A.; Georgescu, E.; Dumas, I. Studies concerning chronic and acute effects of L-carnitine on some biological parameters in elite athletes. Physiologi;24:23–8, 1987.
Ellis, B.A.; Poynten, A.; Lowy, A.J.; S.M.; Kraegen, E.W.; Cooney, G.J. Long-chain acyl-CoA esters as indicators of lipids metabolism and insulin sensitivy in rat and human muscle. Am J. Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279:E554-E560, 2000.
Fritz, I.B. The effects of muscle extracts on the oxidation of palmitic acid by liver slices and homogenates. Acta Physiol Scand 34:367-385, 1995.
Gomes, MR.; Tirapegui, J. Relação de alguns suplementos nutricionais e o desempheno físico. Arch latinoam Nutri; 50: 317-329, 2000.
Guarnieri, G.; Situlin, R.; Biolo, G. Carnitine metabolism in uremia. Am J Kidney Dis.2001; 38(4 suplle 1); S63-7
Glacé, B. Carnitine as an ergogenic aid in health and disease. J. Am coll Nutr; 17:203-204, 1998.
Gorostiaga, EM.; Maurer, CA.; Eclache, JP. Decrease in respiratory quotient during exercise following L-carnitine supplementation. Int J Sports Med;10:169–74, 1989.
Greig, C.; Finch, KM.; Jones DA.; Cooper, M.; Sargeant, AJ.; Forte, CA. The effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol;56:457–60, 1987.
Hiatt, WR.; Regensteiner, JG.; Wolfel, EE.; Ruff, L.; Brass, EP. Carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism during exercise in humans. Dependence on skeletal muscle metabolis state. J clin Invest; 84:1167-73, 1989.
Heinonen, O.J. Carnitine and physical exercisse. Sport med; 22(2): 109-32, 1996.
Hangerman, FC.; Energy metabolism and fuel utilization. Méd Sci Sports Exerc; 24:S309-14, 1992.
Hood, D.A.; Terjung, R.L. Amino acid metabolism during exercise and following endurance training. Sports Medicine, v.9, p.23-35, 1990.
____. Effect of endurance training on leucine metabolism in perfused rat skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology, v.253, p.E648-56, 1987.
Jones, NL.; Heigenhauser, GJ.; Kuksis, A.; Matsos, CG.; Sutton, JR.; Toews, CJ. Fat metabolism in heavy exercise. Clin sci; 59:469-78, 1980.
Jesus, E.V.; Silva, M. Suplemento alimentar como recurso ergogénico por praticantes de musculação em academias. Anais do II Encontro de Educação Física (NEPEF), 2008.
Lancha Jr, AH.; Recco, MB.; Abdalla, DSP.; Curi, R. Effects of aspartate, asparagine and carnitine supplementation in the diet on metabolims of skeletal muscle during a moderate exercise. Physiol Behav; 57(2):367-371, 1995.
Lagioia, R.; Scrutinio, D.; Mangini, SG.; Ricci, A.; Mastropasqua, F.; Valentini, G. et al., Propionyl-L-carnitine: a new compound in the metabolic pproach to the treatment of effort angina. Int J Cardiol; 34(2):167-72, 1992.
Lemon, P.W.R.; Proctor, D.N. Protein intake and athletic performance. Sports Medicine, v.12, p.313-25, 1991.
Marconi, C.; Sessi G.; Carpinelli, A.; Cerretelli, P. Effects of L-carnitine loading on the aerobic and anaerobic performance of endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol;54:131–5, 1985.
Maughan, R.; Gleeson, M.; Greenhaff, P.L. Metabolismo de proteínas, aminoácidos y moléculas relacionadas. En: Maughan, R.; Gleeson, M. & Greenhaff, P.L., editores. Bioquímica do exercício e do treinamento. 1ª edição brasilera. São Paulo: editora Manole; 2000. p.116-139.
Monharaj, P.; Merola, A.J.; Wright, V.P. & Clanton, T.L. (1998). Antioxidants protect rat diaphragmatic muscle function under hypoxic conditions. J. Appl Physiol 84, 1960-1966,
Natali, A; Santoro, D; Brandi, LS. et al. Effects of acute hypercarnitinemia during increased fatty substrate oxidation in man. Metabolism; 42:594–600, 1993.
Newsholme, E.A.; Leech, AR. Biochemistry for the medical sciences. New York, John Willey, 1988.
Oyono-Enguelle, S.; Freund, H.; Ott, C. et al. Prolonged submaximal exercise and L-carnitine in humans. Eur J Appl Physio; 58:53–61, 1988.
Rebouche, C.J.; Seim, H. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annu rev Nutr 18:39-61, 1998.
Redá, E.; Iddio, S.D.; Nicolai, P.; Benatti, P.; Calvani, M. The carnitine system and body composition. Acta Diabetol; 40:S106-S113, 2003.
Romijn, JÁ.; Coyle, EF.; Sidossis, LS.; Zhang, XJ.; Wolfe, RR. Relationship between fatty acid delivery and fatty acid oxidation during strenous exercise. J. Appl Physiol; 79:1939-45,1995.
Ramsay, R.P.; Arduni, A. The carnitina acyltransferases and their role in modulating acyl-CoA polls. Arch. Biochem. Biophys; 302:307-314,1993.
Reid, M.B. Redox modulation of skeletal muscle contractions: what we know and what we don’t. J Appl Physiol 90, 724-731, 2001.
Sahlin, K. Muscle carnitine metabolism during incremental dynamic exercise in humans. Acta Physiol scand; 138:259-62, 1990.
Sartori, C.; Minozzo, F.; Bargieri, J. Suplementação de aminoácidos e derivados protéicos no exercício. Centros de estudos de fisiologia do exercício, 2007.
Siliprandi, N.; Di Lisa, F.; Pieralisi, G. et al. Metabolic changes induced by maximal exercise in human subjects following L-carnitine administration. Biochim Biophys Acta; 1034:17–21, 1990.
Simoneau, J.A.; Veerkamp, J.H.; Turcotte, L.P.; Kelley, D.E. Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss. FASEB J 13:2051-2060, 1999.
Soop, M.; Bjorkman, O.; Cederblad, G.; Hagenfeldt, L.; Wahren J. Influence of carnitine supplementation on muscle substrate and carnitine metabolism during exercise. J Appl Physiol; 64:2394–9, 1988.
Spagnoli, L.G.; Palmieri, G.; Mauriello, A.; Vacha, GM.; Diddio, S.; Giorcelli, G. et al. Morphometric evidence of the trophic effect of L-carnitine on human skeletal muscle. Nephron; 55(1):16-23, 1990.
Trappe, SW.; Costill, DL.; Goodpaster, B.; Vukovich, MD.; Fink, WJ. The effects of Lcarnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimming. Int J Sports Med; 15:181–5, 1994.
Vecchiet, L.; Di Lisa, F.; Pieralisi, G. et al. Influence of L-carnitine administration on maximal physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physio; 61:486–90, 1990.
Volek, J.S.; Kraemer, W.J.; Rubin, M.R.; Gómez, A.L.; Ratamess, N.A.; Gaynor, P. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E474, 2002.
Vukovich, MD.; Costill, DL.; Fink, WJ. Carnitine supplementation: effect on muscle carnitine and glycogen content during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 26:1122–9, 1994.
Wasserman, K.; Whipp, B.J. Exercise physiology in health and disease. Am rev Respir Dis;112:219-49, 1975.
Westerbland, H. & Allen, D.G. (2000). Cellular mechanics of skeletal muscle fatigue. Adv Exp Med Biol 538, 563-570.
Wright, V.P.; Klawitter, P.F.; Iscru, D.F.; Merola, A.J. & Clanton, T.L. Superoxide scavengers augment contractile but not energetic responses to hypoxia in rat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 98, 1753-1760, 2005.
Wyss, V.; Ganzit, GP.; Rienzi, A. Effects of Lcarnitine administration on VO2max and the aerobic-anaerobic threshold in normoxia and acute hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol;60:1–6,1990.
Arenas, J.; Huertas, R.; Campos, Y.; Diaz, A.E.; Villalón, J.M.; Vilas, E. Effects of L-carnitine on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and carnitine almitoyl transferase activities in muscle of endurance athletes. FEBS Lett; 341:91-3, 1994.
Bacural, RFP.; Navarro, F.; Bassit, RA.; Meneguello, MA.; Santos, VT.; Almeida, ALR.; Rosa, LFBPC. Does exercise training interfere with the effects of L-carnitine supplementation. Nutrition;19:337-341, 2003.
Barnett C.; Costill DL.; Vukovich MD. et al. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on muscle and blood carnitine content and lactate accumulation uring high-intensity sprint cycling. Int J Sports Nutr;4:280–8, 1994.
Bellinghieri, G.; Savica, V.; Mallamace, A., Di Stefano, C.; Consolo, F.; Spagnoli, LG. et al. Correlation between increased serum and tissue L-carnitine levels and improved muscle symptoms in hemodialyzed patients. Am Jclin Nutr; 38(4):523-31, 1983.
Biesek, Simone, et al. Estratégias de nutrição e suplementação alimentar no esporte. São Paulo: Manole, 2005.
Borghi, Silva, A.; Costa, D.; Baldissera, V.; Cardello, L.; Demonte, A. Correlações entre os níveis de L-carnitina plasmática, o estado nutricional e a função ventilatoria de portadores de doença pulmonar obstructiva crônica. Ver. Nutr., Campinas, 18(3);349-356, 2005.
Brass, E.P.; Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Am J. Clin Nutr; 72(2 supple):618-23, 2000.
Brass, E.P; Hiatt, W.R. the role of carnitine supplementation during exercise in man and in individuals with special need. J. Am Coll Nutr; 17: 207-215, 1998.
Brass, EP.; Adler, S.; Sietsema, KE.; Hiatt, WR., Orlando AM.; Amato, A. Intravenous L-carnitine increases plasma carnitine, reduces fatigue and may reserve exercise capacity in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney dis; 37(5): 1018-28, 2001.
Brevetti, G.; Chiariello, M.; Ferulano, G.; Polocicchio, A.; Nevola, E.; Rossini, A., et al. Increases in walking distance in patients with peripheral vascular isease treated with Lcarnitine: a doublé blind, cross-over study. Circulation; 77(4)767—73, 1988.
Brouns, F. Van der Vusse, GJ. Utilization of lipids during exercise in human subjects: metabolic and dietary constraints. Br J Nutr; 79: 117-28, 1998.
Carter, A.L.; Abney, P.O.; Lapp, F.D. Byosintesis and metabolism of carnitine. J. Child. Neurol: 10:253-257, 1995.
Clanton, T.L. Hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species formation in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 102, 2379-2388, 2007.
Clarkson, P.M. Nutrition for improved sports performance. Sports med 1996; 21: 393-401.
Coelho, C.; Mota. J.; Bragança, E.; Burini, R. Aplicações clínicas da suplementação de Lcarnitina. Ver. Nutr., Campinas, 18(5):651-659, 2005.
Colombani, P.; Wenk, C.; Kunz, I. et al. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on physical performance and energy metabolism of endurance-trained thletes: a double-blind crossover field study. Eur J Appl Physiol;73:434–9, 1996.
Corral, MAR.; Vázquez, JMV.; Silva, CH.; Martin, AA.; Madaria, E.Z. Miopatía por déficit de carnitina: un caso de diagnóstico tardío. Anales de medicina Interna; 2001.
Champe, P.C,; Harvey, R.A. Fat acid and triacilglycerol metabolism. En: Biochemestry. 2nd rev. New jersey; Lippincott-Raven: 171-190, 1994.
Clarkson, P.M. Nutrition for improved sports perfomance. Sports med; 21:393-401, 1996.
Dantas, Estelio H.M. A pratica da preparação física. 5 ed, Rio de Janeiro: Shape, 2003.
Décombaz, J.E.; Reffet, B.; Bloemhard, Y. Effect of L-carnitine and stimulated lipolysis on muscle substrates in the exercising rat. Experientia 1990; 46:457-458, 1990.
Decombaz, J.; Deriaz, O.; Acheson, K.; Gmuender, B.; Jequier, E. Effect of L-carnitine on submaximal exercise metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogen. Med Sci Sports Exerc;25:733–40, 1993.
Delvin, M.T. Text Book of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlation, ed. John Wiley & sons –1997 – 4a edição.
Dragan, GI.; Vasiliu, A.; Georgescu, E.; Dumas, I. Studies concerning chronic and acute effects of L-carnitine on some biological parameters in elite athletes. Physiologi;24:23–8, 1987.
Ellis, B.A.; Poynten, A.; Lowy, A.J.; S.M.; Kraegen, E.W.; Cooney, G.J. Long-chain acyl-CoA esters as indicators of lipids metabolism and insulin sensitivy in rat and human muscle. Am J. Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279:E554-E560, 2000.
Fritz, I.B. The effects of muscle extracts on the oxidation of palmitic acid by liver slices and homogenates. Acta Physiol Scand 34:367-385, 1995.
Gomes, MR.; Tirapegui, J. Relação de alguns suplementos nutricionais e o desempheno físico. Arch latinoam Nutri; 50: 317-329, 2000.
Guarnieri, G.; Situlin, R.; Biolo, G. Carnitine metabolism in uremia. Am J Kidney Dis.2001; 38(4 suplle 1); S63-7
Glacé, B. Carnitine as an ergogenic aid in health and disease. J. Am coll Nutr; 17:203-204, 1998.
Gorostiaga, EM.; Maurer, CA.; Eclache, JP. Decrease in respiratory quotient during exercise following L-carnitine supplementation. Int J Sports Med;10:169–74, 1989.
Greig, C.; Finch, KM.; Jones DA.; Cooper, M.; Sargeant, AJ.; Forte, CA. The effect of oral supplementation with L-carnitine on maximum and submaximum exercise capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol;56:457–60, 1987.
Hiatt, WR.; Regensteiner, JG.; Wolfel, EE.; Ruff, L.; Brass, EP. Carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism during exercise in humans. Dependence on skeletal muscle metabolis state. J clin Invest; 84:1167-73, 1989.
Heinonen, O.J. Carnitine and physical exercisse. Sport med; 22(2): 109-32, 1996.
Hangerman, FC.; Energy metabolism and fuel utilization. Méd Sci Sports Exerc; 24:S309-14, 1992.
Hood, D.A.; Terjung, R.L. Amino acid metabolism during exercise and following endurance training. Sports Medicine, v.9, p.23-35, 1990.
____. Effect of endurance training on leucine metabolism in perfused rat skeletal muscle. American Journal of Physiology, v.253, p.E648-56, 1987.
Jones, NL.; Heigenhauser, GJ.; Kuksis, A.; Matsos, CG.; Sutton, JR.; Toews, CJ. Fat metabolism in heavy exercise. Clin sci; 59:469-78, 1980.
Jesus, E.V.; Silva, M. Suplemento alimentar como recurso ergogénico por praticantes de musculação em academias. Anais do II Encontro de Educação Física (NEPEF), 2008.
Lancha Jr, AH.; Recco, MB.; Abdalla, DSP.; Curi, R. Effects of aspartate, asparagine and carnitine supplementation in the diet on metabolims of skeletal muscle during a moderate exercise. Physiol Behav; 57(2):367-371, 1995.
Lagioia, R.; Scrutinio, D.; Mangini, SG.; Ricci, A.; Mastropasqua, F.; Valentini, G. et al., Propionyl-L-carnitine: a new compound in the metabolic pproach to the treatment of effort angina. Int J Cardiol; 34(2):167-72, 1992.
Lemon, P.W.R.; Proctor, D.N. Protein intake and athletic performance. Sports Medicine, v.12, p.313-25, 1991.
Marconi, C.; Sessi G.; Carpinelli, A.; Cerretelli, P. Effects of L-carnitine loading on the aerobic and anaerobic performance of endurance athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol;54:131–5, 1985.
Maughan, R.; Gleeson, M.; Greenhaff, P.L. Metabolismo de proteínas, aminoácidos y moléculas relacionadas. En: Maughan, R.; Gleeson, M. & Greenhaff, P.L., editores. Bioquímica do exercício e do treinamento. 1ª edição brasilera. São Paulo: editora Manole; 2000. p.116-139.
Monharaj, P.; Merola, A.J.; Wright, V.P. & Clanton, T.L. (1998). Antioxidants protect rat diaphragmatic muscle function under hypoxic conditions. J. Appl Physiol 84, 1960-1966,
Natali, A; Santoro, D; Brandi, LS. et al. Effects of acute hypercarnitinemia during increased fatty substrate oxidation in man. Metabolism; 42:594–600, 1993.
Newsholme, E.A.; Leech, AR. Biochemistry for the medical sciences. New York, John Willey, 1988.
Oyono-Enguelle, S.; Freund, H.; Ott, C. et al. Prolonged submaximal exercise and L-carnitine in humans. Eur J Appl Physio; 58:53–61, 1988.
Rebouche, C.J.; Seim, H. Carnitine metabolism and its regulation in microorganisms and mammals. Annu rev Nutr 18:39-61, 1998.
Redá, E.; Iddio, S.D.; Nicolai, P.; Benatti, P.; Calvani, M. The carnitine system and body composition. Acta Diabetol; 40:S106-S113, 2003.
Romijn, JÁ.; Coyle, EF.; Sidossis, LS.; Zhang, XJ.; Wolfe, RR. Relationship between fatty acid delivery and fatty acid oxidation during strenous exercise. J. Appl Physiol; 79:1939-45,1995.
Ramsay, R.P.; Arduni, A. The carnitina acyltransferases and their role in modulating acyl-CoA polls. Arch. Biochem. Biophys; 302:307-314,1993.
Reid, M.B. Redox modulation of skeletal muscle contractions: what we know and what we don’t. J Appl Physiol 90, 724-731, 2001.
Sahlin, K. Muscle carnitine metabolism during incremental dynamic exercise in humans. Acta Physiol scand; 138:259-62, 1990.
Sartori, C.; Minozzo, F.; Bargieri, J. Suplementação de aminoácidos e derivados protéicos no exercício. Centros de estudos de fisiologia do exercício, 2007.
Siliprandi, N.; Di Lisa, F.; Pieralisi, G. et al. Metabolic changes induced by maximal exercise in human subjects following L-carnitine administration. Biochim Biophys Acta; 1034:17–21, 1990.
Simoneau, J.A.; Veerkamp, J.H.; Turcotte, L.P.; Kelley, D.E. Markers of capacity to utilize fatty acids in human skeletal muscle: relation to insulin resistance and obesity and effects of weight loss. FASEB J 13:2051-2060, 1999.
Soop, M.; Bjorkman, O.; Cederblad, G.; Hagenfeldt, L.; Wahren J. Influence of carnitine supplementation on muscle substrate and carnitine metabolism during exercise. J Appl Physiol; 64:2394–9, 1988.
Spagnoli, L.G.; Palmieri, G.; Mauriello, A.; Vacha, GM.; Diddio, S.; Giorcelli, G. et al. Morphometric evidence of the trophic effect of L-carnitine on human skeletal muscle. Nephron; 55(1):16-23, 1990.
Trappe, SW.; Costill, DL.; Goodpaster, B.; Vukovich, MD.; Fink, WJ. The effects of Lcarnitine supplementation on performance during interval swimming. Int J Sports Med; 15:181–5, 1994.
Vecchiet, L.; Di Lisa, F.; Pieralisi, G. et al. Influence of L-carnitine administration on maximal physical exercise. Eur J Appl Physio; 61:486–90, 1990.
Volek, J.S.; Kraemer, W.J.; Rubin, M.R.; Gómez, A.L.; Ratamess, N.A.; Gaynor, P. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E474, 2002.
Vukovich, MD.; Costill, DL.; Fink, WJ. Carnitine supplementation: effect on muscle carnitine and glycogen content during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 26:1122–9, 1994.
Wasserman, K.; Whipp, B.J. Exercise physiology in health and disease. Am rev Respir Dis;112:219-49, 1975.
Westerbland, H. & Allen, D.G. (2000). Cellular mechanics of skeletal muscle fatigue. Adv Exp Med Biol 538, 563-570.
Wright, V.P.; Klawitter, P.F.; Iscru, D.F.; Merola, A.J. & Clanton, T.L. Superoxide scavengers augment contractile but not energetic responses to hypoxia in rat diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 98, 1753-1760, 2005.
Wyss, V.; Ganzit, GP.; Rienzi, A. Effects of Lcarnitine administration on VO2max and the aerobic-anaerobic threshold in normoxia and acute hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol;60:1–6,1990.
